One of the significant discussions in law of contracts is the issue of time of effectiveness of the suspended thing in the period of ending the suspension. In Iranian Civil Code, fallowing the Islamic jurisprudence's example, the effect of confirmation in the unauthorized transactions is from the time of permission. However, unlike the suspension-related provisions in some countries in which the order of the issue is given explicitly, there is no regulation expressing the determination of the time of the effect of suspended thing in the aforementioned Code. In 2016 reforms, the French legislator made some changes in the terms stipulated in the former French Civil Code by presenting the issue through separating suspension in conclusion and suspension in dissolution of obligations. Considering the lack of an explicit stipulation in Iran's Civil Code and owing to the non-statement of this issue in Islamic jurisprudence, it seems necessary to study such a subject in Iranian law. Accordingly, the most important result of this article, which is conducted through a descriptive-analytic method, demonstrates that ending the suspension would have no retroactive effect.

Most legal commentaries consider the rule of 'prompt application of new law' as an exception to the traditional doctrine of 'law is prospective and not retroactive' with regards to the procedural rules and conclude that any new procedural law has the retroactive effect. The Iranian Supreme Court opted the same view in its unifying judgment No. 743. However, the prompt application of new law is a part of the rule of 'law is prospective and not retroactive' (as formulated in article 4 of Iranian Civil Code) and cannot be considered as an exception to the latter accordingly. The distinction between the two parts of the rule is to be taken into account: i) law is prospective which refers to the prompt application of new law on all situations of the same nature and ii) law is not retroactive which means the new law would not govern the past legal relations. These topics are mainly discussed in a branch of law called 'transitional law' (Droit Transitoire). In this article the unifying judgment No. 743 of Supreme Court is commented from the view point of transitional law having a view on French legal system for the purpose of comparison.

This research has considered the effect of retroactive inhibition on contextual interference in acquisition, retention, and transfer. Three independent blocked groups, blocked without retroactive inhibition (BL-without), blocked with 18 trials of retroactive inhibition (BL-18), and blocked with 36 trials of retroactive inhibition (BL-36), were created that varied in order of presentation of tasks. By testing a single task in retention and creating three independent blocked groups, varying amounts of retroactive inhibition were produced. This isolated the effects of retroactive inhibition on blocked compared to control and random subjects' retention. Male students of Amirkabir university of Tehran were population of this investigation. Seventy-five subjects (M=26, SD=3.18) who had evaluated themselves as not experienced in sport skills were selected randomly and fifteen subjects were randomly assigned to the five groups (random, control and three block groups). Findings of this research have shown that random group in acquisition have perform so weak and it was so different and positive in retention and transfer. The results support previous contextual interference findings and suggest that retroactive inhibition influences the retention deficits demonstrated by blocked compared to random subjects.

Temporal databases, quickly rising in size, are distinguished by their capacity to maintain the older version of data objects against actions on them, allowing logical deletions. Queries for historical data are particularly costly due to the linear scanning of temporal versions. Temporal data structures like time-split B-Tree or multiversion B-Tree are working underlying the state-of-the-art temporal databases. So far, most efficient temporal data structures are partially persistent or fully persistent, but none of them support retroactive queries. On the other hand, efficient temporal indexing is required to address bulk loading in a real-life application. To the best of our knowledge, there is no efficient solution for bulk loading and updating retroactive index structures. This article seeks to offer a new data structure, the retroactive B-Tree (RBT), to facilitate retroactive operations in temporal databases as well as bulk loading. It presents theoretical and empirical research and analysis of the suggested data structure and its relevant operations. The experiments were conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed retroactive B-Tree in terms of execution time, I/O complexity, space complexity, and bulk loading. The obtained results show that indexing with a buffer is the most powerful model for existing temporal databases for implementing a retroactive B-Tree. The tree of lists architecture is observed as an I/O efficient data structure for all variants of temporal indexing for large databases.

An invention that meets novelty, inventive step, and industrial application is patentable. After the registration of an invention, a patent is granted and, as an official document, implies the ownership of the holder. Due to some grounds, such as not meeting one of the substantive requirements, the patent might become invalidated by a court order. According to the Article 18 of the Patents, Industrial Designs and Trademarks Act of Iran, patent invalidation has retroactive effect and invalidates all contracts which have been concluded based on patented inventions. Invalidity of the contract indicates that the invalidated contract has never been existing, and parties’ rights and obligations have never been in existence; consequently, the other party of the contract, such as licensee, could recoup the whole paid consideration. The adoption of this idea is inconsistent with the purposes of Patent law, including incentivizing, encouraging to resort to patent system, protection of inventors, commercialization of inventions, stability of contracts, and trust in the market; and it could be deemed as a serious obstacle to these matters. In this research, by taking the necessities of Patent law, including the need to facilitate innovation and commercialization of inventions and to create a climate free of bad patents, into consideration, this legislator’ s approach is criticized, and its contradiction to the public interest, the dissemination of knowledge, the process of commercialization, and transfer of technology will be demonstrated. Finally, the amendment of the mentioned act and not perceiving contracts as void will be proposed in order to foster the process of innovation.

One of the characteristics of law is clarity and justice. These characteristics require that the effects of laws be used to regulate and coordinate social relations based on the supremacy of justice. Likewise, the interpretation of ordinary laws which, in the opinion of the Guardian Council under Article Seventy-three of the Constitution,The expression is meant by the legislature, because it does not independently lead to the creation of a new rule, following the original law, it must have just effects. However, what is being implemented in the Iranian legal system, in the form of interpretative views of the Guardian Council and also in the field of judicial oversight of the Administrative Court of Justice, is to validate the perception of the executors, before the interpretation of the law is approved. The Guardian Council and, consequently, the Court of Administrative Justice, consider the perceptions of the executors before the interpretation of the law as the basis for not retroactive to the interpretation of the law, and consider the actions and omissions of the executors related to the law as final matters. This article analyzes the views of the Guardian Council as well as the procedure of the General Assembly of the Court of Administrative Justice in an analytical and positivist manner and analyzes the executive effects of these opinions.

Introduction: Literary semiotics is one of the new methods of literary criticism that examines the semantic system of literary works. Michael Riffaterre is a semiotics theorist who has presented an exact model to provide a suitable tool for literary researchers to study the deep semantic layers of poems. Also, Hilma Salim is a modern Egyptian poet whose critical approach dominates most of his poems. The poem Al-Lufer is one of his critical poems which is full of poetic implications and contains explicit and implicit points about the negative effects of domestic tyranny and Western colonization on the Egyptian people. Based on the findings of Helma Salem's research, he has used a network of poetic symbols within the text to express the main messages in a literary and covered language. Methodology: This research is descriptive-analytical in nature. The data collection is based on the library method, and the research target is The Poem Al-Lufer by Hilma Salim. The approach used in this research is Michael Rifaterre's semiotic model, in which poems are first examined in heuristic and retroactive stages. In the first one, the reader gets a superficial understanding of the meaning of the text, but in the second view, the ungrammatical factors are identified, and the reader can reach the hidden layers of the text through accumulation frames and descriptive associative clusters. Results and Discussion: When the relationship between the outer layer of the text and its depth is found, the connection between the internal and external factors in the unhealthy situation of Egyptians is revealed. The hidden data of the poem show that Westerners and domestic tyrants are the cause of misfortune and terrible situation in Egypt. Negligence and naivety have played a negative role in this case. The poem implies that the secret of the victory of the Egyptians is self-belief, avoidance of relying on the others and public awakening and resistance against tyranny and arrogance. The collections of this ode are in line with its descriptive systems, and each of them expresses different levels of meaning and shows a part of the structural matrix through the process of expansion and description. The collections of the poem are connected in a network, and floating signs are connected to the central signs of the ancient Egypt and the West. Each of the words of the poem is an explicit meaning that the poet loads with many implicit meanings with ungrammatical elements. He also connects the lexical level of the text of the poem to its depth, thus placing an emphasis on synonymy and meaning. Descriptive systems are gathered as a network of intertwined signals based on a virtual relation around the nucleus. According to Riffaterr's theory, the reader relies on his literary ability to move from the lexical level of the text to its deeper layers of the text. The causal relationship between the nucleus and the floating signs forms the semantic structure of this poem. They are connected under a semantic unity, and the linguistic signs in this poem go with this single structure that exists in the whole poem. Once the relationship between accumulations and descriptive systems is discoverd, the hypo grams show the cultural, social, political and economic situation of Egypt. Hypo grams are the key themes that shape the overall picture of a poem in the reader's mind, and some words and phrases evoke them. These themes are not explicitly reflected in the form of specific words, but they are referred to indirectly and visualize the central meaning of the poem in the mind of the audience. These hypo grams provide the basis for reaching the structural matrix of poetry. The structural matrix of this poem, which is rooted in its entire structure, begins linearly with a critical approach to the Westerners and protests against the non-implementation of the people's rule over the people. It ends with the poet's positive and hopeful attitude towards the future of Egypt. Conclusion: According to the Riffaterre model, the relation between the accumulations and the descriptive systems of this poem depicts the structural matrix in which the poet first criticizes the dictatorship of the Egyptian rulers with a retrospective view and then condemns the Western colonial conspiracies and developmental policies. In the end, by arousing the revolutionary feeling of the Egyptians, he calls them to wake up and rise up against oppression and injustice.